停药策略:识别并停用有害的心血管药物之临床指导

小雁的记事本 2024-08-03 08:14:34

泰达国际心血管病医院 郑 刚

临床中,当患者来医院复诊时,医生往往倾向于增加药物的种类和数量,而停止药物治疗则较为罕见。“临床惰性”或“如果患者病情稳定,不要停止治疗”的概念加剧了这种情况[1]。事实上,即使特定药物无害,继续不必要的药物治疗也可能带来危害,因为增加药物使用量本身就存在弊端。虽然适当的多药治疗,即同时使用五种或五种以上的处方药和非处方药,可能会产生有益效果[2],但也有发生不良事件的风险[3],并可能对药物依从性产生不利影响,特别是在大量服药的人群和老年人中更为显著[4]。不适当的多药治疗很常见,包括开具无效甚至有害药物处方[5]。据估计,老年人群中,约五分之一的处方药是不适当的[6]。因此,发现药物对机体有害时,应停药或逐渐减少不适当药物的使用,以减少多药治疗及其伴随的危害[5]。此外,停止有害药物的使用还有助于防止紧张的卫生系统中产生不必要的费用。停药以防伤害体现了所有医学中最重要的伦理原则之一,它应指导我们的日常临床实践,尽管这一原则应修改为“采用利大于弊的治疗方法”。本文将探讨哪些药物在确定为有害后可以停止使用。

1.服用口服抗凝剂的稳定型心血管疾病伴心房纤颤患者的抗血小板治疗

口服抗凝剂(OAC)是预防心房纤颤(AF)患者血栓栓塞事件的基石[7],而单用抗血小板药物治疗,通常是使用低剂量阿司匹林,建议用于稳定型缺血性心脏病患者的二级预防,以预防严重不良事件[8-9]。在急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)和/或接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后,建议使用双联抗血小板治疗(DAPT)来预防复发性心脏不良事件[10]。如果这些患者也患有AF,目前的临床实践指南建议短期三重治疗,包括直接口服抗凝剂(DOAC)、P2Y12抑制剂和阿司匹林。再后进行由DOAC和一种抗血小板药物组成的双血栓治疗长达1年,然后单独进行OAC[7,9-10]。

令人感兴趣的是,登记和索赔数据表明,相当一部分AF和稳定型缺血性心脏病患者在口服抗凝剂的基础上服用阿司匹林[11]。在ORBIT-AF登记中,三分之一接受不适当阿司匹林治疗的患者甚至没有动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)病史。这类患者缺血性事件发生率并不低,但在注册分析[12-14]和专门的随机对照试验中,大出血的风险增加[15]。最引人注目的试验将2236名稳定的冠状动脉疾病和AF患者随机分为利伐沙班单独治疗或利伐沙班加用单一抗血小板治疗[15]。结果显示,附加抗血小板治疗使大出血增加了近70%。抗血小板治疗也使死亡和血栓事件的复合物增加36%,死亡增加80%。因此,当患者因AF而服用口服抗凝药时,临床医生应仔细评估联合用药和联合抗血小板治疗的适应证,在ACS或PCI后1年的患者中,通常应取消联合抗血小板治疗。

2.低剂量阿司匹林用于ASCVD的一级预防

建议所有ASCVD患者服用低剂量阿司匹林以减少动脉粥样硬化事件[16-17],在无ASCVD但有心血管风险的人群试验中,阿司匹林治疗始终与非致命性缺血性事件减少有关,与非致命性出血事件增加有关[18-19]。在患有糖尿病的患者中也观察到类似结果[20]。特别是在老年人中,出血风险似乎大于心血管益处[21]。现代临床实践指南表明,在糖尿病患者中,可以考虑使用阿司匹林[22],而在心血管风险较低或中等患者中,考虑到危害风险,禁止使用阿司匹林[16,23]。

3.β受体阻滞剂联合钙通道阻滞剂使用

虽然β受体阻滞剂与二氢吡啶钙通道阻滞剂联合治疗在血压管理方面有额外效果,但β受体阻滞剂或非二氢吡啶钙通道阻滞剂联合治疗心律失常,应避免高血压治疗,因为合并负性变时效应可能导致严重不良事件。在选定患者中,如在代偿性射血分数降低的心衰(HFrEF)和快速心室反应未控制住的房颤患者中,可以谨慎使用低剂量非二氢吡啶钙通道阻滞剂和β受体阻滞剂联合治疗,特别是如果认为左心室功能因持续性心动过速而下降的患者[24]。必须注意的是,HFrEF中非二氢嘧啶钙通道阻滞剂禁忌证的相关数据略显陈旧,并不能主要解决AF的心室率控制[25]。

4.钙通道阻滞剂治疗HFrEF患者

非二氢吡啶钙通道阻滞剂如地尔硫卓和维拉帕米常用于治疗心绞痛和心律失常。鉴于其负性肌力作用,目前临床实践指南建议HFrEF患者不要使用钙通道阻滞剂[26-28]。

5.在糖尿病患者和已确定的心血管疾病患者中使用二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂

二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)抑制剂可防止胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)和葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素肽的分解,从而增加胰岛素分泌,抑制胰高血糖肽的释放,并使血糖水平正常化。对五种DPP-4抑制剂进行的随机对照心血管结果试验已证明DPP-4抑制剂的心血管安全性,但未能带来显著的心血管益处[22]。与安慰剂相比,DPP-4抑制剂沙格列汀(saxagliptin)的治疗与HF住院风险显著增加相关,因此不应用于HF患者或有HF风险的患者[29]。鉴于GLP-1受体激动剂和钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白-2(SGLT-2)抑制剂的治疗具有显著的心血管效益,应优先选择这两类药物,且已确定的心血管疾病患者应相应地更换DPP-4抑制剂[22]。在相同途径上工作的GLP-1受体兴奋剂不应添加到DPP-4抑制剂中,但应该取代这些药物。

6.多巴酚丁胺或米力农治疗失代偿性HF

多巴酚丁胺(dobutamine)或米力农(milrinone)治疗失代偿性HF,但没有危及生命的低灌注患者正性肌力虽然可以暂时改善心输出量,但已被证明在没有危及生命低灌注的情况下弊大于利。例如,在OPTIME-CHF试验中,对于因失代偿性HF住院的患者,米力农使死亡、心肌梗死、房颤、低血压和室性心动过速增加2~3倍[30],关于在其他试验和登记中证实的发现[31-32],无论持续时间如何,每一项大型的正性肌力治疗随机试验都显示出弊大于利[33]。因此,鉴于所述危害,使用正性肌力药物是不合理的,通常应避免使用。若确实需要在等待心脏移植的患者中使用,则应配备心律转复除颤器。遗憾的是,有时由于患者需要改善心力衰竭症状,正性肌力药物仍会被使用。

7.缺血性脑卒中患者的双重抗血小板治疗超过三周

目前的临床实践指南建议,在症状出现后24小时内,对轻度非心源性栓塞缺血性脑卒中或高风险短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的患者开始DAPT,包括阿司匹林和氯吡格雷,并持续21天,以降低90天内复发缺血性脑卒中的风险[34]。这一建议基于两项主要随机对照试验结果[35-36]。

在CHANCE试验的一项临时时间过程分析中,减少复发性脑卒中的益处在治疗的前3周内超过了与DAPT相关的出血风险,但之后出血风险则超过了其缺血性益处[37]。另外,两项大型随机对照试验比较了缺血性卒中或高危TIA后长期DAPT的效果[38-39]。在这两项试验中,DAPT策略未能减少复发性卒中的发生,显著增加了出血风险,并在其中一项试验中甚至增加了死亡风险。基于这些结果,DAPT的使用应限制在前21~30天,并对长期服用DAPT的患者进行相应评估与描述[40]。

8.烟酸

烟酸表现出针对肝脏和脂肪组织的双重机制,可降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和甘油三酯,增加高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)浓度[41-42]。两项大型随机对照试验测试了烟酸(其中一种与拉罗匹普兰[aropiprant]联合使用)对已确诊血管疾病患者心血管结果的影响[43-44]。虽然烟酸治疗可显著改善脂质状况,但未发现对心血管结果有益影响。烟酸治疗导致涉及7个器官系统类别的严重不良反应频率增加[45],这一情况导致了美国处方量的大幅下降[46],并促使欧洲药品管理局暂停了其批准[47]。鉴于其不利的风险/收益比,以及存在更安全、更有效的降脂药物,目前并无迹象表明烟酸适用于心血管疾病患者。

9.非甾体抗炎药

非甾体消炎药既有非处方药,也有处方药,是世界上使用最广泛的治疗疼痛和减轻炎症的药物之一[48]。虽然不是心血管药物本身,但其心血管作用值得本文讨论。两种主要类型的非甾体抗炎药是有效的,非选择性非甾体类抗炎药,如抑制环氧合酶(COX)-1和COX-2的双氯芬酸(diclofenac)和布洛芬(ibuprofen),以及选择性COX-2抑制剂,如罗非昔布(rofecoxib)。虽然后者显示出较少的胃肠道不良反应,但从统计数据来看,主要血管事件的风险增加导致了该药物在全球范围内的停药[49]。大型荟萃分析后来可以证实,一些非选择性非甾体抗炎药也显示出主要血管事件风险增加[50-51]。因此,考虑到复发事件风险增加,在已确诊的冠状动脉疾病患者中,应选择性并尽量减少在普通人群中使用非甾体类抗炎药[51]。此外,非甾体抗炎药抑制肾脏中的前列腺素分泌,从而导致钠和水滞留以及肾血管收缩,所有这些影响都可能对HFrEF患者以及射血分数保留的HF(HFpEF)患者不利。几项观察研究表明,在HFrEF患者中,HF的恶化转化为与非甾体抗炎药治疗相关的发病率和死亡率增加,因此应避免并取消该药[27-28,52-53]。

非甾体消炎药包括非处方药和处方药,是全球范围内使用最广泛的治疗疼痛和减轻炎症的药物之一[48]。尽管它们并不属于心血管疾病类药物,但其对心血管的作用值得进行探讨。两种主要类型的非甾体抗炎药均有效:一类是非选择性非甾体类抗炎药,如同时抑制环氧合酶(COX)-1和COX-2的双氯芬酸(diclofenac)和布洛芬(ibuprofen);另一类是选择性COX-2抑制剂,如罗非昔布(rofecoxib)。尽管后者显示出较少的胃肠道不良反应,但统计数据显示,其主要血管事件风险增加,这导致了该药物在全球范围内的停用[49]。后续的大型荟萃分析进一步证实,一些非选择性非甾体抗炎药也显示出主要血管事件风险增加[50-51]。因此,考虑到复发事件风险增加,在已确诊的冠状动脉疾病患者中,应谨慎选择并尽量减少在普通人群中使用非甾体类抗炎药[51]。此外,非甾体抗炎药会抑制肾脏中的前列腺素分泌,从而导致钠和水滞留以及肾血管收缩,这些影响都可能对射血分数降低的心力衰竭(HFrEF)患者以及射血分数保留的心力衰竭(HFpEF)患者产生不利影响。几项观察研究表明,在HFrEF患者中,心力衰竭的恶化与非甾体抗炎药治疗相关的发病率和死亡率增加有关,因此应避免使用并停用该药[27-28,52-53]。

10.肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)抑制剂的联合

当前的HFrEF管理临床实践指南建议,在所有HFrEF患者中应优先使用沙库巴曲缬沙坦(ARNi)。仅当ARNi治疗被认为不可行时,才考虑使用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)或血管紧张素受体阻滞剂(ARB)作为替代。此外,鉴于在大型“附加”结果试验中,对死亡和住院情况显示出的明显益处,所有患者都应在ACEI、ARNi或ARB治疗的基础上,加用盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂[54-55]。以往在已有ACEI治疗的基础上加用ARB的做法,尤其是同时加用盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂和ARB,现已不再推荐,因为临床试验显示,这种做法并未能显著改善死亡率[56-57],反而与更多不良事件相关[58]。

11.HF患者中的噻唑烷二酮类药物

噻唑烷二酮类药物是一类抗糖尿病药物,作为过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPAR-γ)激动剂,其成员一直被证明与HF(心力衰竭)住院风险的增加有关[59-60]。因此,对于有HF风险和病史的患者,不应使用噻唑烷二酮类药物。尽管有证据表明吡格列酮可能对2型糖尿病患者的心血管死亡、心肌梗死或卒中的综合终点产生有益影响,但同时也会增加大血管事件风险[61-62]。考虑到噻唑烷二酮治疗相关的HF事件观察风险,以及钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2抑制剂(SGLT2is)和胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)受体激动剂对心血管疾病的持续益处,心血管疾病患者应优先选择后两者进行治疗[22,63-64]。尽管吡格列酮作为一种常用药物仍然可用,但它仅适合无HF病史的患者作为潜在有用的替代品,尤其是在GLP-1受体拮抗剂和SGLT-2受体激动剂不被报销或需要额外血糖控制时[22]。值得注意的是,SGLT-2抑制物对心脏病患者益处显著。

小结

作为临床医生,我们有责任确保患者接受最先进的、基于证据的医学治疗,以降低发病率和死亡率,同时提升生活质量。同样重要甚至更为关键的是,必须防止对患者造成不必要的伤害,这包括明确识别那些可能对患者造成伤害而又缺乏有力证据的药物或干预措施,并在遇到这类药物时及时停药。避免使用那些未经证实对健康有益的药物,是解决和预防多药治疗问题的一个重要契机。多药治疗是一种具有挑战性的临床状况,它与药物不良反应和相互作用的风险相关,最终可能导致发病率和死亡率上升,以及医疗成本增加[65]。减少无效且昂贵药物上的医疗支出,可以为其他价格高昂但效果显著的药物提供使用机会。每位临床医生都应定期监测和筛查其患者的病历和实验室检查结果,以确定可能停用的药物。

专家简介

郑刚 教授

现任泰达国际心血管病医院特聘专家,济兴医院副院长

中国高血压联盟理事,中国心力衰竭学会委员,中国老年医学会高血压分会天津工作组副组长,中国医疗保健国际交流促进会高血压分会委员

天津医学会心血管病专业委员会委员,天津医学会老年病专业委员会常委,天津市医师协会高血压专业委员会常委,天津市医师协会老年病专业委员会委员,天津市医师协会心力衰竭专业委员,天津市医师协会心血管内科医师分会双心专业委员会委员,天津市心脏学会理事,天津市心律学会第一届委员会委员,天津市房颤中心联盟常委,天津市医药学专家协会第一届心血管专业委员会委员,天津市药理学会临床心血管药理专业委员会常委,天津市中西医结合学会心血管疾病专业委员会常委

《中华临床医师杂志(电子版)》特邀审稿专家,《中华诊断学电子杂志》《心血管外科杂志(电子版)》审稿专家,《华夏医学》副主编,《中国心血管杂志》常务编委,《中国心血管病研究》杂志第四届编委,《中华老年心脑血管病杂志》《世界临床药物》《医学综述》《中国医药导报》《中国现代医生》编委

本人在专业期刊和心血管网发表文章979篇,其中第一作者790篇,参加著书11部。获天津市2005年度“五一劳动奖章和奖状”和“天津市卫生行业第二届人民满意的好医生”称号

参考文献

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