【上期回顾】
【本期内容】
一、内容纲要
二、内容简述
(一)定义
独立主格结构是英语语法中的一个概念,它指的是一种特殊的短语结构,这种结构不是句子,没有真正的主语和谓语动词,但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系,在句子中可以作为一个独立的成分使用。
需要注意的是,虽然叫做独立主格结构,并它不是真正的独立,它还是一种从属成分,在句中通常起状语作用。
(二)构成方式
独立主格常见的构成方式有:
1、名词+现在分词,如:
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting.
明天假设天气好,我们就进行比赛。
2、名词/代词+过去分词,如:
The job finished, we went home.
工作结束后我们就回家了。
3、名词/代词+不定式,如:
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.
有如此多的人来帮助他,他一定会成功的。
4、名词/代词+介词短语,如:
A girl came in, book in hand.
一个少女进来了,手里拿着书。
5、名词/代词+形容词或副词,如:
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.
他坐在前排,嘴半开着。
Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.
没人在家,贼偷走了很多东西。
6、There being+名词/代词,如:
There being nothing else to do, we went home.
没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。
7、It being+名词/代词,如:
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。
8、名词/代词+名词,如:
He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon.
他和狼搏斗着,唯一的武器是一根棍棒。
(三)状语功能
独立主格常在主句中充当以下状语成分:
1、时间状语,如:
The meeting being over, all of us went home.
上句中的独立主格结构the meeting being over,相当于时间状语从句when the meeting was over。
2、原因状语,如:
There being no taxis, we had to walk.
上句中的独立主格结构There being no taxis,相当于原因状语从句Since there were no taxis。
3、条件状语,如:
The condition being favorable, he may succeed.
上句中的独立主格结构the condition being favorable,相当于条件状语从句If the condition is favorable。
4、伴随状语,如:
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.
上句中的独立主格结构silver being the best of all,相当于并列句and silver is the best of all,对前句进行补充说明。
(四)being的省略与否
不能省略being或having been的情况有:
(1)独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时,如:
It being Sunday, we went to church.
因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。
(2)在“There being+名词”的结构中,如:
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.
因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。
(3)当独立主格结构中 being done 表示“正在被做时”,being不可省略,如:
The fish being cooked, he gave her a call.
煮着鱼时,他给她打了个电话。
(五)特殊情况
在“名词/代词+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词,如:
Miss Smith entered theroom, book in hand.
史密斯小姐走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。
试比较由with引导的复合结构,如:
Miss Smith entered theroom, with a book in her hand.