On December 28, 2023, the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China promulgated the Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of International Treaties and International Practices in the Trial of Foreign-Related Civil and Commercial Cases, which took effect on January 1, 2024.

2023年12月28日，中华人民共和国最高人民法院颁布了《最高人民法院关于审理涉外民商事案件适用国际条约和国际惯例若干问题的解释》，自2024 年1月1日起施行。The Interpretation has effectively solved the problem of how to apply international treaties and international practices to foreign-related civil and commercial cases in Chinese courts.该解释有效解决了中国法院涉外民商事案件如何适用国际条约和国际惯例的问题。At the same time, the Supreme People's Court has announced 12 typical cases of international treaties and practices applicable to foreign-related civil or commercial cases, including international contracts for the sale of goods, contracts for the carriage of air passengers, contracts of carriage of goods by air, ship pollution, general average, ship collision, applications for recognition and enforcement of civil and commercial judgments of foreign courts, applications for recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, and other fields.

同时，最高人民法院公布了涉外民商事案件适用国际条约和惯例的12个典型案例，包括国际货物买卖合同、航空旅客运输合同、航空货物运输合同、船舶污染、共同海损、船舶碰撞、申请承认和执行外国法院民商事判决、申请承认和执行外国仲裁裁决等领域。

Case 1- Sale of Goods

案例1-货物销售

Case 1: Strictly adhering to the contract invalidity system of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and maintaining a balance of interests between buyers and sellers - International Sale of Goods Contract Dispute Case between ARTPLAST Company in Bulgaria and Huangyan Smart Machinery Mold Co., Ltd. in Taizhou City案例一：严格遵守《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》合同无效制度，维护买卖双方利益平衡--保加利亚ARTPLAST公司与台州市黄岩智能机械模具有限公司国际货物销售合同纠纷案【First instance case number】浙江省台州市中级人民法院（2021）浙10民初37号【Second instance case number】浙江省高级人民法院（2022）浙民终811号

Case 2- International Treaties

案例 2- 国际条约

Case 2. Clarifying the priority of application of international treaties and accurately determining the point in time at which a declaration of avoidance of contract takes effect -- Dispute concerning a contract for the international sale of goods between Shaphar Group LLC and Baiqi Holding (China) Ltd.案例2. 明确国际条约的优先适用顺序，准确确定宣告合同无效的生效时间点 -- Shaphar Group LLC 与 Baiqi Holding (China) Ltd. 之间的国际货物销售合同纠纷。【First instance case number】北京市第四中级人民法院（2022）京04民初294号

Case 3- Liability

案例3--责任

Case 3: Accurately determining the establishment of the contract and reasonably delimiting the boundary of liability for damages - Dispute over the Contract for the International Sale of Goods between SEI WOO POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES PTE. LTD and SEI WOO (TIANJIN) RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD案例3：准确认定合同成立，合理划定损害赔偿责任边界--SEI WOO POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES PTE. LTD 与 SEI WOO (TIANJIN) RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS CO.【First instance case number】天津市第一中级人民法院（2018）津01民初669号【Second instance case number】天津市高级人民法院（2020）津民终433号

Case 4- Cargo

案例4- 货物

Case 4. Clarifying the identification of cargo carrier and accurately determining the standards for liability limits - Popularizing the dispute over the subrogation rights of Insurers between Nanjing Branch of International Freight Forwarding (China) Co., Ltd. and Beijing Branch of Zurich Property Insurance (China) Co., Ltd案例4. 明确货物承运人身份，准确确定责任限额标准 --国际货运代理（中国）有限公司南京分公司与苏黎世财产保险（中国）有限公司北京分公司保险人代位求偿权纠纷通俗化解读【First instance case number】上海市浦东新区人民法院（2021）沪0115民初46625号【Second instance case number】上海金融法院（2022）沪74民终717号

Case 5- Air Transport

案例5- 航空运输

Case 5: Clarifying the legal nature of the two-year period of Article 35 of the Montreal Convention and unify the legal application standard of international air transport disputes  - Beijing Kangjiekong International Freight Forwarding Co., Ltd. and Samsung Property Insurance (China) Co., Ltd. Tianjin Branch, Korean Airlines Subway Claim Dispute Case案例5：明确《蒙特利尔公约》第 35 条两年期限的法律性质，统一国际航空运输纠纷的法律适用标准--北京康捷空国际货运代理有限公司与三星财产保险（中国）有限公司天津分公司、大韩航空地铁索赔纠纷案 大韩航空公司天津分公司地铁索赔纠纷案【First instance case number】天津市滨海新区人民法院（2019）津0116民初2397号【Second instance case number】天津市第三中级人民法院（2021）津03民终1419号

Case 6- Legal Application

案例6- 法律申请

Case 6: Clarifying the relationship of legal application and improving the rules of international air transport judgments - Hu and Hainan Airlines Holding Co., Ltd. Air Passenger Transport Contract Dispute Case案例6：厘清法律适用关系，完善国际航空运输判决规则--胡某与海南航空控股股份有限公司航空旅客运输合同纠纷案 航空旅客运输合同纠纷案【First instance case number】重庆自由贸易试验区人民法院（2019）渝0192民初16677号

Case 7 - Oil Pollution

案例7 - 石油污染

Case 7. Accurately Applying the 1992 Oil Pollution Convention and clarifying the responsibility for pollution removal costs - Qingdao Ronghai Marine Environmental Protection Services Co., Ltd. vs. Symphony Shipping S.A. and North of England P&I Designated Activity Company in the Dispute over Ship Pollution Damage Liability案例7. 准确适用 1992 年《油污公约》，明确污染清除费用责任--青岛荣海海洋环保服务有限公司诉 Symphony Shipping S.A. 和英格兰北部 P&I 指定活动公司船舶污染损害责任纠纷案【First instance case number】青岛海事法院（2021）鲁72民初1984号

Case 8 - Antwerp Rules

案例8 - 安特卫普规则

Case 8. Accurately applying the 1994 York-Antwerp Rules to determine the amount of common average to be shared - TAI SHING MARITIME CO., S.A. and Qingshan Holdings Group Co., Ltd. General Average Dispute Case案例8. 准确适用 1994 年《约克-安特卫普规则》以确定应分摊的共同海损金额 - TAI SHING MARITIME CO., S.A. and Qingshan Holdings Group Co., Ltd. 共同海损纠纷案【First instance case number】 厦门海事法院（2022）闽72民初325号

Case 9 - Collision Liabilities

案例9 - 赔偿责任

Case 9. Coordinating the application of international treaties and domestic special provisions to accurately determine the fault of the parties in the collision liability - A Dispute Case on Ship Collision Damage Liability between Guangzhou Maritime Material Supply Co., Ltd. and Tan Binh Co., Ltd案例9. 协调适用国际条约和国内特别规定，准确认定碰撞责任中当事人的过错--广州海运物资供应有限公司与陈平有限公司船舶碰撞损害责任纠纷案【First instance case number】广州海事法院（2022）粤72民初238

Case 10 - Proper Notice

案例10 - 适当的通知

Case 10. Good faith and reasonable interpretation of the judgment criteria for "proper notice", equal protection of the legitimate rights and interests of both Chinese and foreign parties - WS China Import GmbH's application for recognition and enforcement of the arbitration award of the Hamburg Commodity Trading Registration Association Arbitration Tribunal案例10. 善意合理解释“适当通知”的判断标准，平等保护中外当事人的合法权益--WS 中国进口有限公司申请承认和执行汉堡商品交易注册协会仲裁庭的仲裁裁决案【First instance case number】成都市中级人民法院（2022）川01协外认5号

Case 11 - Legal Rights of Absentee

案例11-缺席者的合法权利

Case 11. Accurately determining the conditions for legitimate summoning and safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of absentee parties - Chepetsky Mechanical Plant Joint Stock Company's Application for Recognition and Enforcement of Civil Judgments of the Commercial Court of the Republic of Udmurt, Russian Federation案例11. 准确确定合法传唤的条件并保障缺席当事人的合法权益-切佩茨基机械厂股份公司申请承认和执行俄罗斯联邦乌德穆尔特共和国商事法院的民事判决【First instance case number】北京市第四中级人民法院（2020）京04协外认2号

Caese 12- Foreign Documents

Caese 12-外国文件

Case 12. Accurately applying the Convention on the Cancellation of the Certification Requirements for Foreign Official Documents and fully fulfilling international convention obligations to reduce litigation accumulation for Parties - Wen's Application for Recognition of the Divorce Judgment of the San Mateo County High Court in California, United States案例12. 准确适用《关于取消外国官方文件认证要求的公约》，充分履行国际公约义务，减少当事人诉讼积累--温某申请承认美国加利福尼亚州圣马特奥县高等法院离婚判决案【First instance case number】成都市中级人民法院（2023）川01协外认15号