客观地讲,文化交流在人类社会发展进程中有着至关重要的历史和现实意义。➊清代魏源“师夷长技以制夷”的主张,就向国人提出了“向西方学习”的先进思想。➋现代文学、艺术、数理化、生命医学及科学技术等各个领域的突飞猛进,都离不开人们广泛性的交流和学习。➌小到个人、家庭,大到社会团体和国家,强大的学习力都是提高财富获取效率的绝佳途径。知识是科技创新的最大源泉,而学习永远离不开交流。或许,这就是语言学习的重大意义所在!
英语作为校园教育的必修课,因为其非母语的固有属性,在学习的过程中难免困扰丛生。所有人都知道,我们每个人的母语学习都是从小时候的拼音、生字开始,一点一滴天长日久慢慢积累的。其实,英语学习也毫不例外,扩大词汇量是学好英语的重中之重。汉字中有偏旁部首,英语单词中有词根词缀;汉语中有方言错假,英语中有音变规律。死记硬背容易忘,寻到规律效率高!
一、语言文字的音变缘由
人类语言文字的不同发音,取决于口形舌位。相似的口形舌位必然引发大量的近音串声现象。比如,大街(jie)的街,有的方言读作gai,南(nan)方的南,有的方言读作lan,大肉(rou)的肉,有的方言读作you,吃饭(fan)的饭,有的方言读作huan……。虽然声音已走偏串味,但也不影响人们的交流理解。
英语清浊辅音中的[b]与[p]、[d]与[t]、[k]与[g]、[f]与[v]、[s]与[z]等发音就容易形成串声。串声现象作用于长期性的文字与语音交互传递,就必然形成大量字母串位而语意相通的语言现象。比如:patricide弑父者,词根“patr-”就有“father”的意思;lunar月球的,词根“lun-”就有“moon”的意思;nutrition营养,词根“nutr-”就有“mother”的意思。如果你能轻松认识“patr-”、“lun-”、“nutr-”等词根,就能轻松实现词汇量的轻松倍增,英语学习必然会达到事半功倍之奇效。
二、英文字母常见音变规律
➊元音音变。a、o、e、i、u及各种双元音字母组合,因发声相近,相互间的串位现象明显多见,且不影响词根间的意义相通。具体情况在后续词例中慢慢体会和感悟。
➋f音音变。b与p因清浊辅音发音相近而音变路径相通;f与v因清浊辅音发音相近而音变路径相通;ph、gh与f因同发[f]音,h又常常扮演脱落音的角色。所以,p、g、f间音变路径相通;v与w因字母同源而音变路径相通。因此,我们称bpfvwg为f音音变字母组。也就是说,这些字母在某些词根中的相互替换并不影响词根的本意流传。
➌鼻音音变。m、n、l、r皆属鼻音一族,且口型舌位相似,发声较易串味,因而音变路径相通。我们称之为鼻音音变字母组,机理同上。
➍ks音音变。g与k因清浊辅音发音相近而音变路径相通;c与qu因常发[k]音而和k之间相互发生音变路径;d与t因清浊辅音发音相近而音变路径相通;ds、ts、s、th、z间的发音相似,所以其主流音字母d、t、s、z之间衍生音变路径;c与s许多情况下同发[s]音而衍生音变路径。故我们称qgkcsztd为ks音音变字母组,机理同上。
三、单词串串记实例
原始印欧语词根“*spek-”是“to observe”的意思;原始印欧语词根“*wegh-”是“to go, move, transport in a vehicle”的意思;原始印欧语词根“*weg-”是“to be strong, be lively”的意思;原始印欧语词根“*gwei-”是“to live”的意思。
㊙️我们先来寻找四个词根间的亲缘关系:后两个词根可通过live贯通词义;live与die的明显区别之一便是eyes的功能是否存在,因此live与observe间的词义贯通机理原来如此;汉语词汇中有“活动”一词,于是,live与move、go之间也联系到了一起。由此可见,古人造词绝不是随意而为的胡编乱造,而是极具逻辑性思维的有序扩展。正因为如此,只要我们能掌握这些隐藏于单词背后的逻辑密码,单词的学习与记忆必然会轻松自如……。
♻*spek-衍生词
☯aspect[ˈæspekt]
n.方面;层面;(动词的)体(如表示动作等发生一次或多次、已完成或正在进行);外观;方位;外表;朝向;样子;
from ad "to" + specere "to look" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe").
☯auspex["ɔ:speks]
n. 鸟卜者;占卜者;
from root *awi- "bird" + root *spek- "to observe."
☯auspices[ˈɔːspɪsɪz]
n.赞助;主办;预兆(auspice的复数);
from root *awi- "bird" + root *spek- "to observe."
☯auspicious[ɔːˈspɪʃəs]
adj.吉祥的;吉利的;
from auspex (genitive auspicis) + -ous
☯bishop[ˈbɪʃəp]
n.主教;(国际象棋中的)象;
from epi- "over" + skopos "one that watches, one that looks after; a guardian, protector" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯circumspect[ˈsɜːkəmspekt]
adj.谨慎的;慎重的;考虑周密的;
from circum- "around, round about" + specere "to look" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯conspicuous[kənˈspɪkjuəs]
adj.明显的;引人注目的;易见的;惹人注意的;
from assimilated form of com-, here perhaps an intensive prefix , + specere "to look at" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯despicable[dɪˈspɪkəbl]
adj.卑鄙的;可鄙的;令人厌恶的;
from de- "down" + spicere, variant of specere "to look at" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯despise[dɪˈspaɪz]
vt.鄙视;看不起;蔑视;
from de- "down" + spicere/specere "to look at" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯episcopal[ɪˈpɪskəpl]
adj.主教的;主教制的;
(see bishop)
☯especial[ɪˈspeʃl]
adj.特别的;特殊的;格外的;
(see species)
☯espionage[ˈespiənɑːʒ]
n.间谍活动;谍报活动;刺探活动;
(see spy (v.))
☯espy[eˈspaɪ]
vt.窥见, 望见, 看到(尤指远处、模糊或掩蔽之物);看出(缺点等);
(see spy (v.))
☯expect[ɪkˈspekt]
v.预料;预计;期待;要求;指望;预期;等待;盼望;猜想;
from ex- "thoroughly" + spectare "to look," frequentative of specere "to look at" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯frontispiece[ˈfrʌntɪspiːs]
n.(与书名页相对一页上的)卷首插图;
from Latin frons (genitive frontis) "forehead" + specere "to look at" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯gyroscope[ˈdʒaɪrəskəʊp]
n.陀螺仪;回转仪;
from Greek gyros "a circle" + skopos "watcher" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯haruspex[hə"rʌspeks]
n.(古罗马)以动物内脏占卜的僧人;
from PIE root *ghere- "gut, entrail;" second element from Latin spic- "beholding, inspecting," from PIE *speks "he who sees," from root *spek- "to observe."
☯horoscope[ˈhɒrəskəʊp]
n. 占星;占星术;
from hōra "hour; season; period of time" (see hour) + skopos "watcher; what is watched" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯inspect[ɪnˈspekt]
vt.检查;视察;查看;审视;
from in- "into" (from PIE root *en "in") + specere "to look" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯inspection[ɪnˈspekʃn]
n.检查;视察;查看;审视;
☯inspector[ɪnˈspektə(r)]
n.检查员;视察员;巡视员;(警察)巡官;(英国公共汽车或火车上的)查票员;
☯introspect[ˌɪntrəˈspekt]
vi. 反省;内省
vt. 对……进行自省;
from intro- "inward" (see intro-) + specere "to look at" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯introspection[ˌɪntrəˈspekʃn]
n.反省;内省;
☯perspective[pəˈspektɪv]
n.观点;态度;景观;透视法;思考方法;客观判断力;权衡轻重的能力;
adj.(按照)透视画法的;透视的;
from per "through" (from PIE root *per- (1) "forward," hence "through") + specere "look at" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯perspicacious
[ˌpɜːspɪˈkeɪʃəs]
adj.敏锐的;有洞察力的;精辟的;
☯perspicacity[,pә:spi"kæsiti]
n. 聪颖, 聪明, 睿智, 洞察力;
☯prospect[ˈprɒspekt]
n.前景;展望;希望;前途;可能性;设想;风景;成功的机会;(竞赛中的)有望获胜者;
vi.探矿;勘探;
from pro "forward" (see pro-) + specere "look at" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯prospective[prəˈspektɪv]
adj.潜在的;可能的;预期的;有望的;即将发生的;行将来临的;
☯respect[rɪˈspekt]
n.尊敬,尊重,敬重;(事物的)方面;关系,关联;注重,重视;敬意,问候;细节;着眼点;
vt.尊敬,尊重,敬重;关于,涉及;遵守,遵从;注重,重视;顾及;不损害;仰慕;不违背;慎重对待,谨慎从事;
int.真了不起(因敬重或赞同而发出的感叹);
from re- "back" (see re-) + specere "look at" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯respite[ˈrespaɪt]
n.喘息;暂缓;暂停;短暂的延缓;
v.使休息;使缓和;缓期执行(死刑);延期;
from re- "back" (see re-) + specere "look at" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯retrospect[ˈretrəspekt]
n.回顾,回想;追溯往事;追溯力;
v.回顾,回想;追溯;
from retro "back" (see retro-) + specere "look at" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯scope[skəʊp]
n.(题目、组织、活动等的)范围;(做或实现某事的)机会,能力;…镜(观察仪器);
vt.仔细看;彻底检查;
㊙️scope是*spek-的倒置形式。
-scope
☯scopophilia[skəupə"filiə]
n.窃视症,窥阴癖,窥视色情癖;
from a word-forming element made from a Latinized form of Greek -skopia "observation" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe") + -philia
☯telescope[ˈtelɪskəʊp]
n.望远镜;
v.(使)叠套缩短,叠缩;缩短,精简,压缩(成…)
from tēle- "far" (from PIE root *kwel- (2) "far" in space or time) + -skopos "watcher" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
-scopy
☯skeptic[ˈskeptɪk]
n.怀疑论者;怀疑者;
adj.怀疑性的;
☯species[ˈspiːʃiːz]
n.种,物种;<律>形式,式样;<物>核素;(天主教圣餐中用的)面包和圣酒 ;
adj.物种上的;
㊙️观察所看到的一类人或物的外貌特征等,引伸为物种。
☯specimen[ˈspesɪmən]
n.样品;样本;标本;(化验的)抽样,血样,尿样;
☯specious[ˈspiːʃəs]
adj.似是而非的;貌似有理的;
☯spectacle[ˈspektəkl]
n.壮观的景象;壮观的场面;精彩的表演;出人意外的情况;奇特的现象;
☯spectacular
[spekˈtækjələ(r)]
adj.壮观的;壮丽的;令人惊叹的;
n.壮观的场面;精彩的表演;
☯spectrum[ˈspektrəm]
n.谱;光谱;频谱;范围;波谱;系列;幅度;声谱;各层次;
☯speculate[ˈspekjuleɪt]
v.推测;猜测;投机;推断;做投机买卖;
☯speculation[ˌspekjuˈleɪʃn]
n.投机;猜测;推测;推断;投机买卖;炒股;
☯speculum[ˈspekjələm]
n.窥器;扩张器;
☯spice[spaɪs]
n.(调味)香料;额外的趣味(或刺激等);
vt.在…中加香料;给…增添趣味;使…变得刺激;
☯spy[spaɪ]
n.间谍;密探;暗中监视;
v.当间谍;发现,注意到;察看,探查;突然看见,突然发现;仔细观察;
adj.间谍的,间谍活动的;
☯suspect[səˈspekt]
n.犯罪嫌疑人;嫌疑犯;嫌疑分子;可疑对象;
v.怀疑(某人有罪);疑有,觉得(尤指坏事可能属实或发生);不信任;感觉有问题;
adj.可疑的;不可信的;靠不住的;可能有危险的;
It is from an assimilated form of sub "up to" (see sub-) + specere "to look at" (from PIE root *spek- "to observe")
☯suspicion[səˈspɪʃn]
n.怀疑;猜疑;嫌疑;看法;感觉;不放心;少许;
v.〈美俚〉怀疑;
☯suspicious[səˈspɪʃəs]
adj.可疑的;怀疑的;持怀疑态度的;不信任的;令人怀疑的;
(以下详细释义略)
♻*wegh-衍生词
always;away;convection;convey;convex;convoy;deviate;devious;envoy;evection;earwig;foy;graywacke;impervious;invective;inveigh;invoice;Norway;obviate;obvious;ochlocracy;ogee;pervious;previous;provection;quadrivium;thalweg;trivia;trivial;trivium;vector;
vehemence;vehement;vehicle;vex;via;viaduct;viatic;viaticum;vogue;voyage;wacke;wag;waggish;wagon;wain;wall-eyed;wave;way;wee;weigh;weight;wey;wiggle
♻*weg-衍生词
awake;bewitch;bivouac;invigilate;reveille;surveillance;vedette;vegetable;velocity;vigil;vigilant;vigilante;vigor;waft;wait;wake;waken;watch;Wicca;wicked;witch
♻*gwei-衍生词
abiogenesis;aerobic;amphibian;anaerobic
azo-
azoic;azotemia
bio-
biography;biology;biome;bionics;biopsy;biota;biotic;cenobite;Cenozoic;convivial;couch-grass;epizoic;epizoon;epizootic;macrobiotic;Mesozoic;microbe;Protozoa;protozoic;
quick;quicken;quicksand;quicksilver;quiver;revive;survive;symbiosis;viable;viand;viper;vita;vital;vitamin;victuals;viva;vivace;vivacious;vivarium;vivid;vivify;viviparous;vivisection;whiskey;wyvern;zodiac;Zoe;zoetrope;zoic
zoo-
zoolatry;zoology;zoon;zoophilia;zoophobia;zooplankton
结语
理解是增强记忆的绝佳密钥!