breach
英 [briːtʃ] 美 [briːtʃ]
n.破坏；违背；决裂；裂口；（浪的）冲击 v.违反；突破；在 ... 上打开缺口
◉Etymology
“Breach” 这个词源自古英语 “bryce”，意为“破裂”或“裂开”。后来，这个词通过中古英语和古法语 “breche” 进一步发展，最终进入现代英语。在法律和军事领域，它通常指违反条约、合同或安全规定的行为，也可以指破坏或撕裂某个物理结构。
◉外刊例句
① 《经济学人》 (The Economist), 2023年10月1日
The company was fined for a data breach that compromised the personal information of over 100,000 customers.
该公司因数据泄露而被罚款，泄露事件影响了超过10万客户个人资料。
② 《纽约时报》 (The New York Times), 2023年9月15日
The breach of the ceasefire agreement by the rebel group led to renewed hostilities in the region.
叛军违反停火协议，导致该地区重新陷入敌对状态。
③《卫报》 (The Guardian), 2023年7月20日
The breach in the dam caused widespread flooding and forced the evacuation of several nearby towns.
大坝的破裂导致大面积洪水泛滥，迫使附近几个城镇疏散居民。
◉经典名著
在查尔斯·狄更斯的小说《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）中，可能提到“breach”来描述法律或社会规则的违反：
The breach of the law by the criminals in the city was a constant source of concern for the authorities.
城市中的罪犯违反法律的行为一直是当局的忧虑之源。
◉Usage Examples
(1) Union officials denounced the action as a breach of the agreement.
(2) You are in breach of your contract.
(3) It caused a lifelong breach with his father.
(4) The huge waves made a breach in the sea wall.
(5) Breach your soul to reach yourself before you gloom.
(1) 工会负责人谴责这一行动破坏了协议。
(2) 你违反了你签的合同。
(3) 这使得他们父子终身失和。
(4) 大浪在堤上冲出一个缺口。
(5) 冲破你思想的禁锢,在失落之前了解自己。
◉Usage Notes
A breach is a violation of a law, duty, or promise. If you'd contracted to mow your neighbor's lawn and don't do it, he can sue you for breach of contract. Or he can mow the lawn himself.
Breach traces back to the Old English verb: brecan "to break," which is what breach really means––"a breaking of something." Breach of contract is a legal way of saying you broke a promise. If your great aunt Edna is a stickler for propriety, she may be horrified when you eat your meat with the salad fork, considering it a breach of good manners.
◉Colins
1. [VERB 动词]违反，破坏（条约、法律或承诺） If you breach an agreement, a law, or a promise, you break it. [V n]
The newspaper breached the code of conduct on privacy...
该报违反了保护隐私的行为准则。
The film breached the criminal libel laws.
这部电影触犯了刑事诽谤法。
2. [N-VAR 可变名词]（对条约、法律或承诺的）违反，破坏 A breach of an agreement, a law, or a promise is an act of breaking it.
The congressman was accused of a breach of secrecy rules.
这位议员被控违反了保密规定。
...a $1 billion breach of contract suit.
一起违约金达10亿美元的合同违约诉讼案
3. [N-COUNT 可数名词]（关系的）裂痕，破裂 A breach in a relationship is a serious disagreement which often results in the relationship ending. [usu N in/between n] [FORMAL 正式]
Their actions threatened a serious breach in relations between the two countries.
他们的行动使两国关系面临严重恶化的危险。
...the breach between Tito and Stalin.
铁托和斯大林之间的不和
4. [VERB 动词]突破；攻破；给…造成缺口 If someone or something breaches a barrier, they make an opening in it, usually leaving it weakened or destroyed. [V n] [FORMAL 正式]
The limestone is sufficiently fissured for tree roots to have breached the roof of the cave...
石灰岩上有许多缝隙，故而树根能从岩洞顶部长出来。
Fire may have breached the cargo tanks and set the oil ablaze.
大火当时有可能把货船上的油罐烧漏了，从而引燃原油。
5. [VERB 动词]突破，攻破（防卫） If you breach someone's security or their defences, you manage to get through and attack an area that is heavily guarded and protected. [V n]
The bomber had breached security by hurling his dynamite from a roof overlooking the building.
这名爆炸手从一个俯瞰这座大楼的楼顶上投下炸药，破坏了安保系统。
Breach is also a noun.
...widespread breaches of security at Ministry of Defence bases.
国防部各基地普遍存在的安全系统遭到攻破的现象
6. [PHRASE 短语]临时代替；临时顶替 If you step into the breach, you do a job or task which someone else was supposed to do or has done in the past, because they are suddenly unable to do it. [V inflects]
I was persuaded to step into the breach temporarily when they became too ill to continue.
在他们病得很重无法坚持的情况下，我被劝服去临时顶替他们。
