南亚东南亚造像艺术专栏

南渚山房 刘冬

东南亚古代造像独立研究者

《南渚志》纪录片制片人《Southeast asia buddhist art sumatra&java suculptre 2022》

东南亚佛像苏门答腊与爪哇雕塑，作者黄岩博物馆《造像万千》台州博物馆《金木荟萃》策展人资深服饰配饰设计师德国红点设计奖获得者

Statue of Vajrapani Bodhisattva East Java 金刚手菩萨立像 东爪哇（公元9-10世纪）银铜合金，高度18CM

金刚手菩萨是佛教中勇猛的护法神祇，具有除恶降魔的广大神力。《增一阿含经》云：“密迹金刚力士在如来后，手执金刚杵。”Vajrapani 是“霹雳的持有者”（vajra），他与吠陀神 Indra，风暴之神分享他的起源。在佛教图像学的早期，金刚杵具有独立的含义，与启蒙的清净思想相关联。

在大乘佛教的经典传统中，金刚手菩萨被认为是释迦牟尼佛的八心子之一，以平和的形象被描绘出来。在金刚乘佛教的传统中，金刚手更典型地以忿怒的形式出现并被称为 Guhyapati - “秘密之王”。据说他是释迦牟尼佛（以金刚持佛的形象出现）的所有密宗文本、文献和教义的主要接受者、持有者和保护者。金刚手菩萨有两种主要类型：非象形外观（基于佛经）和象形外观（基于密宗）

此尊金刚手菩萨为银铜合金材质，表面有黑色银氧化层；金刚手菩萨站像延续了早期图像学特点，犍陀罗和马图拉时期就完成了图像的形态，本尊在多数表现细节上完全是爪哇本土艺术创新的特点；

束发高发髻源自婆罗门的装束，多股发辫垂肩，前方连珠纹佛龛内端坐阿弥陀佛，圆环形头光则属于这一区域特有的表现，左耳耳廓中部有耳铛，右耳无，这种单侧耳饰或者双侧耳铛不同的做法在印度，尼泊尔，西藏菩萨，度母，印度教等造像中都能见到；眉毛呈现大弯弓，眼神笃定，嘴角上扬微笑唇线清晰，属于早期造像风格特点，在印度笈多和中国北朝至初唐造像上都能见到，可见东爪哇工匠对于早期古典风格的理解和转化创新，躯体的表现也尤为精彩。

健硕的胸膛，三折枝的躯体很好的协调了左手持开口五股金刚杵的动态平衡，右手结与愿印，手的表现关节和指甲和法戒细节也都清晰可见；亚字形臂钏，工匠甚至表现了手腕手肘，脚踝的骨关节，对躯干的关节部位也用阴线表达肌肉的体量感，腰部系带的穿插关系也是清晰明了，重心位于右腿，左腿微微抬起，肌肉柔软感十足，站立于束腰仰覆莲的鼓形台座之上，整体比例显得高大，年轻，劲健，这是非常优秀的东爪哇时期早期作品；

此尊造像与苏富比拍卖过的一尊，高13CM，6-7世纪克什米尔合金铜嵌银眼的金刚手菩萨类似，南渚山房《Southeast asia buddhist art sumatra&java suculptre 2022》图录里有辑录。

Vajrapani Bodhisattva is a brave Dharma protector deity in Buddhism, possessing the great power of eliminating evil and subduing demons. "Zengyi Agama Sutra" says: "The secret vajra warriors hold the vajra after the Tathagata." Vajrapani is the "holder of the thunderbolt" (vajra), and he shares his power with the Vedic god Indra, the god of storms. origin. In the early days of Buddhist iconography, the scepter of thunderbolt had an independent meaning, associated with the pure thought leading to enlightenment.

In the canonical tradition of Mahayana Buddhism, Vajrapani is considered one of the eight heart sons of Shakyamuni Buddha and is depicted in a peaceful image. In the tradition of Vajrayana Buddhism, Vajrapani more typically appears in wrathful form and is known as Guhyapati - "King of Secrets". He is said to be the chief recipient, holder and protector of all Tantric texts, literature and teachings of Shakyamuni Buddha (in the form of Vajradhara). There are two main types of Vajrapani: non-pictographic appearance (based on Buddhist scriptures) and pictographic appearance (based on Tantr a)

This Vajrapani Bodhisattva is made of silver-copper alloy, with a black silver oxide layer on the surface; the standing statue of Vajrapani Bodhisattva continues the characteristics of early iconography, and the form of the image was completed in the period of Gandhara and Mathura. The upper part is completely characteristic of Javanese local art. The high bun and circular headlights are derived from the performance of Shiva in this area. The craftsmen's performance of the body is particularly wonderful. The strong chest and the body of the three-folded branches are well coordinated. The dynamics of holding a vajra in the left hand, the knot and the wish seal in the right hand, and the armlets with open upper and lower ends originated from the Gupta period, and the rings on the fingers are also clearly visible; the craftsman even showed the bone joints of the wrist and ankle, with the center of gravity at The right leg and the left leg are slightly raised, standing on the drum-shaped pedestal with the waist and the lotus, the overall proportion is tall and strong, this is a very good early East Java work;

东南亚古代造像艺术

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